Mechanisms for radical reactions initiating from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters

• Carlos R. Azpilcueta-Nicolas and
• Jean-Philip Lumb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 346–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.35

• of RAEs with organozinc reagents under Co-catalysis, effecting diverse arylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation reactions [92]. The second type of reaction is referred to as cross-electrophile coupling and involves the Ni-catalyzed reaction of NHPI esters with aryl- and vinyl halides under reducing

Application of N-heterocyclic carbene–Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review

• Nosheen Beig,
• Varsha Goyal and
• Raj K. Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1408–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.102

• selective method for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds [55][56]. Organometallic reagents, such as organolithium, organomagnesium, and organozinc reagents are commonly used in conjugate addition reactions. 2.2.1 Reaction with Grignard reagents: Organomagnesium reagents, such as Grignard

• site-selective NHC–Cu-catalyzed hydroboration of enantiomerically enriched allenes and conversion to the corresponding β-vinyl ketones demonstrates the importance of the strategy. An example is shown below (Scheme 44). 2.2.4 Reaction with organozinc reagents: Organozinc reagents, such as diethylzinc

Asymmetric tandem conjugate addition and reaction with carbocations on acylimidazole Michael acceptors

• Brigita Mudráková,
• Renata Marcia de Figueiredo,
• Jean-Marc Campagne and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 881–888, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.65

• intermediates among other metal enolates obtained in conjugate additions. Experimental General procedure for the one-pot conjugate addition of organozinc reagents to acylimidazole followed by trapping with carbocations: In a flame-dried Schlenk flask flushed with Ar, Cu(OTf)2 (1.81 mg, 0.005 mmol, 2 mol %) and

Enolates ambushed – asymmetric tandem conjugate addition and subsequent enolate trapping with conventional and less traditional electrophiles

• Péter Kisszékelyi and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 593–634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.44

• recent realizations of this strategy focusing on lesser-studied trapping reactions and works after 2010. We also present here our attempts to broaden the scope of these enolate trapping reactions by using different types of electrophilic reagents. Review Conjugate additions with organozinc reagents

1,4-Dithianes: attractive C2-building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecular architectures

• Bram Ryckaert,
• Ellen Demeyere,
• Frederick Degroote,
• Hilde Janssens and
• Johan M. Winne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 115–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.12

• °C and 0 °C, temperatures at which these organometallic reagents are also reported to be quite stable. The zincated dithiins can also be prepared by transmetalation of the magnesiated dithiins at −30 °C, and these organozinc reagents can then be used in room temperature Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling

Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel–Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides

• Mateo Berton,
• Kevin Sheehan,
• Andrea Adamo and
• D. Tyler McQuade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1343–1356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.115

• use a practical system with a broad range of substrates [40][41][42]. The Alcázar group reported the generation and subsequent use of Grignard reagents [40]. In 2018, the Loren group extended the scope of the organozinc reagents made in flow to aryl and tertiary alkyl halides by the in situ formation

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• reactions, rather than the less-reactive organozinc reagents [36] (Scheme 1). Decreasing the molar ratio of Pd2(dba)3/SPhos to 0.25:0.5 mol % provided a lower yield of 3a (21%), whereas 3b showed only a slight decrease in yield (77%). The two-inseparable para/meta isomers of all-cis-2,3,5,6

Copper-catalysed alkylation of heterocyclic acceptors with organometallic reagents

• Yafei Guo and
• Syuzanna R. Harutyunyan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1006–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.90

• enantioselectivity have been reported for conjugate additions of both organoaluminium and organozinc reagents, these reagents also present major drawbacks, namely their commercial availability and atom efficiency, given that only one alkyl group is transferred from the organometallic reagent to the Michael acceptor

• . In contrast, Grignard reagents are very favourable organometallics in terms of both their availability and atom efficiency. On the other hand, Grignard reagents are significantly more reactive than organoaluminium and organozinc reagents, rendering the catalytic control of both the regio- and

• of the organozinc reagents. To solve this problem, the intermediate of the N-acyl-4-methoxypyridinium salt must be formed in situ and added slowly to the solution of the Cu(OTf)2/L6 complex and dialkylzinc reagent at −78 °C. Several dialkylzinc reagents were found to be effective as nucleophiles in

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

Synthesis of C₃-symmetric star-shaped molecules containing α-amino acids and dipeptides via Negishi coupling as a key step

• Sambasivarao Kotha and
• Saidulu Todeti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 371–377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.33

• electroluminescent devices [33]. To address these challenges, we [34] and others [35][36] have synthesized functionalized C3-symmetric molecules containing amino acids and peptides. The Negishi cross coupling [37][38] is a reliable synthetic method, which involves palladium or nickel-catalyzed coupling of organozinc

• reagents [39][40] with various halo derivatives (e.g., aryl, vinyl, benzyl, or allyl) and has a broad scope to assemble diverse targets. This reaction was first reported in 1977, and it is an elegant and versatile method that allows the preparation of biaryls and olefins in good yields. To the best of our

Cobalt- and rhodium-catalyzed carboxylation using carbon dioxide as the C1 source

• Tetsuaki Fujihara and
• Yasushi Tsuji

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2435–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.221

• useful methods such as the transition-metal-catalyzed carbozincation of alkynes that affords stereodefined alkenylzinc compounds have been developed. To date, a variety of organozinc reagents (RZnX and R2Zn: R = aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, allyl, and benzyl groups) have been used in these reactions

Practical tetrafluoroethylene fragment installation through a coupling reaction of (1,1,2,2-tetrafluorobut-3-en-1-yl)zinc bromide with various electrophiles

• Ken Tamamoto,
• Shigeyuki Yamada and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2375–2383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.213

• that possesses higher thermal stability than the corresponding organolithium or -magnesium species due to the almost covalent C–Zn bond [29][30]. Moreover, organozinc reagents can be easily transformed to the “reactive” species, through a transmetallation process with a transition metal (e.g., Pd or Cu

Visible light-mediated difluoroalkylation of electron-deficient alkenes

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Vitalij V. Levin,
• Marina I. Struchkova,
• Jinbo Hu and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1637–1641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.139

• availability issues [25][26][27][28][29]. Recently, we developed a general protocol for the synthesis of iodides 1 from organozinc reagents and a source of difluorocarbene [30][31][32] (Scheme 1). Moreover, it was shown that compounds bearing the CF2I group can be obtained from carbonyl compounds and

Recent developments in the asymmetric Reformatsky-type reaction

• Hélène Pellissier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 325–344, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.21

• ][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover in 2014, two book chapters dealing with organozinc reagents were published covering the literature up to 2011 [14][15], and a review focusing on general SmI2-mediated cross-coupling reactions including only two references dated of 2013 concerning diastereoselective

Synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrazoles containing pyridinyl substituents

• Josef Jansa,
• Ramona Schmidt,
• Ashenafi Damtew Mamuye,
• Laura Castoldi,
• Alexander Roller,
• Vittorio Pace and
• Wolfgang Holzer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.90

• -coupling reaction with organozinc compounds [23][24] is a valuable tool for the formation of C–C bonds, particularly in the presence of functional groups. The employed organozinc reagents are relatively reactive nucleophiles undergoing rapid transmetalation with appropriate transition metal species, for

Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors

• A. John Blacker and
• Katherine E. Jolley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2408–2417, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.262

• organozinc reagents to give amines [1]; iii) aldehydes to give amides [5][6][7]; iv) base to give imines [8]; v) alkyl and aryl C–H bonds in the presence of acid and visible light to form heterocycles [9][10]. Furthermore they have also been used for chlorination of aromatics in the presence of acid [11

Coupling of α,α-difluoro-substituted organozinc reagents with 1-bromoalkynes

• Artem A. Zemtsov,
• Alexander D. Volodin,
• Vitalij V. Levin,
• Marina I. Struchkova and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2145–2149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.231

• Federation 10.3762/bjoc.11.231 Abstract α,α-Difluoro-substituted organozinc reagents generated from conventional organozinc compounds and difluorocarbene couple with 1-bromoalkynes affording gem-difluorinated alkynes. The cross-coupling proceeds in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper iodide in

• dimethylformamide under ligand-free conditions. Keywords: 1-bromoalkynes; cross-coupling; organofluorine compounds; organozinc reagents; Introduction gem-Difluorinated organic compounds have attracted increasing attention nowadays due to their applicability in medicinal chemistry [1][2] and other fields. Indeed

• difluorocarbene addition to multiple bonds [15]. Recently, we proposed a general method for assembling gem-difluorinated structures from organozinc reagents 1, difluorocarbene, and a terminating electrophile [16][17][18][19][20][21] (Scheme 1). (Bromodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane [16][17][18] or potassium

Efficient carbon-Ferrier rearrangement on glycals mediated by ceric ammonium nitrate: Application to the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-amino-C-glycoside

• Alafia A. Ansari,
• Y. Suman Reddy and
• Yashwant D. Vankar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 300–306, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.27

• synthesis of C-glycosides [12][13][14]. Among these, the Ferrier rearrangement [15] of glycals with protic acids [5][16][17] or Lewis acids [18][19][20][21][22] and carbon nucleophiles such as allylsilanes [23], silylacetylenes [24], silyl enol ethers [25], olefins [26], and organozinc reagents [27] has

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed intermolecular carbomagnesiation and carbozincation

• Kei Murakami and
• Hideki Yorimitsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 278–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.34

• reactions are efficient and direct routes to prepare complex and stereodefined organomagnesium and organozinc reagents. However, carbon–carbon unsaturated bonds are generally unreactive toward organomagnesium and organozinc reagents. Thus, transition metals were employed to accomplish the carbometalation

• , organomagnesium and organozinc reagents have been widely employed for organic synthesis due to their versatile reactivity and availability. The most popular method for preparing organomagnesium and organozinc reagents still has to be the classical Grignard method [1], starting from magnesium or zinc metal and

• organic halides [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Although the direct insertion route is efficient and versatile, stereocontrolled synthesis of organomagnesium or organozinc reagents, especially of alkenyl or alkyl derivatives, is always difficult since the metal insertion process inevitably passes through radical

Radical zinc-atom-transfer-based carbozincation of haloalkynes with dialkylzincs

• Fabrice Chemla,
• Florian Dulong,
• Franck Ferreira and
• Alejandro Pérez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 236–245, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.28

• in the use of organozinc reagents as nontoxic radical precursors or mediators [1][2][3]. As part of this development, the so-called radical-polar reactions in which alkylzinc reagents are used as mediators in a radical transformation that affords a new zincated species, have emerged as valuable tools

• transformation of simple organozinc reagents into more elaborate ones is thus achieved, and subsequent reaction with electrophiles is possible [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. More specifically, building on well-established addition reactions of carbon-centered radicals to carbon

Evaluation of a chiral cubane-based Schiff base ligand in asymmetric catalysis reactions

• Kyle F. Biegasiewicz,
• Michelle L. Ingalsbe,
• Jeffrey D. St. Denis,
• James L. Gleason,
• Junming Ho,
• Michelle L. Coote,
• G. Paul Savage and
• Ronny Priefer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1814–1818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.207

• in obtaining high stereoselectivity, and thus we decided to switch to Michael addition with organomagnesium and organozinc reagents. Since the copper source that produced the highest ee value with the cyclopropanation above was Cu(I) triflate tetrakisacetonitrile, we decided to initially focus on

Functionalization of heterocyclic compounds using polyfunctional magnesium and zinc reagents

• Paul Knochel,
• Matthias A. Schade,
• Sebastian Bernhardt,
• Georg Manolikakes,
• Albrecht Metzger,
• Fabian M. Piller,
• Christoph J. Rohbogner and
• Marc Mosrin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1261–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.147

• a result of the high thermal stability of organozinc reagents. A Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of 59 or a copper(I)-mediated acylation of 62 affords the products 60 and 63 in 80–95% yield (Scheme 10 and Supporting Information File 1, Procedure 4) [30]. 2 Preparation of heterocyclic magnesium reagents

• moderate chemoselectivity of organozinc reagents towards substrates bearing acidic hydrogen atoms, such as N–H and O–H bonds. This is an important limitation of the Negishi cross-coupling, especially compared to the Suzuki cross-coupling based on boronic acid derivatives, which are much more tolerant

• reagents to ketones, aldehydes and carbon dioxide are essential transformations in organic synthesis as they provide a convenient access to various types of alcohols or carboxylic acids. Usually, organozinc reagents only react with these types of electrophiles in the presence of catalytic amounts of

Meta-metallation of N,N-dimethylaniline: Contrasting direct sodium-mediated zincation with indirect sodiation-dialkylzinc co-complexation

• David R. Armstrong,
• Liam Balloch,
• Eva Hevia,
• Alan R. Kennedy,
• Robert E. Mulvey,
• Charles T. O'Hara and
• Stuart D. Robertson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1234–1248, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.144

• usually inert towards orthodox organozinc reagents including benzene [15] and naphthalene [16]. These studies – that have been structurally supported by X-ray crystallography in tandem with NMR spectroscopy – have uncovered the chemical synergy that these mixed-metal alternatives can exhibit, which

A practical route to tertiary diarylmethylamides or -carbamates from imines, organozinc reagents and acyl chlorides or chloroformates

• Erwan Le Gall,
• Antoine Pignon and
• Thierry Martens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 997–1002, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.112

• -carbamates from imines, organozinc reagents and acyl chlorides or chloroformates is described. This route involves the formation of an imine, which is used without isolation, followed by its activation by the carbonyl-containing electrophile and the trapping of the acyliminium by an organozinc reagent. Most

• steps are conducted concomitantly to render the procedure as practical and straightforward as possible. Therefore, the whole experimental protocol takes less than two hours. Keywords: acyliminium; amides; carbamates; multicomponent reactions; organozinc reagents; Introduction Diarylmethylamines

• group has been involved in various projects pertaining to the development of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) involving organometallic reagents, in particular organozinc reagents, due to their ability to react in very mild conditions and generally preserve most common functional groups. Moreover, used in

Continuous flow enantioselective arylation of aldehydes with ArZnEt using triarylboroxins as the ultimate source of aryl groups

• Julien Rolland,
• Xacobe C. Cambeiro,
• Carles Rodríguez-Escrich and
• Miquel A. Pericàs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 56, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.56

• ]. On the other hand, enantioselective arylation of aldehydes with organozinc reagents appears as a most convenient alternative, since the initial aldehyde undergoing addition presents two very different groups (namely, a H atom and an aryl group) and hence offers good opportunities for enantiocontrol